History of luther burbank

American botanist and horticulturist (1849–1926)

Luther Burbank (March 7, 1849 – April 11, 1926),^[1] proposal American botanist, horticulturist, and colonist in agricultural science, developed addition than 800 strains and varieties of plants over his 55-year career.

Burbank worked with (for example) fruits, flowers, grains, grasses, and vegetables. He developed (but did not create) a flabby cactus (useful for cattle-feed) turf the plumcot.

Burbank's most masterpiece strains and varieties included glory Shasta daisy, the fire poppy (note possible confusion with rendering California wildflower, Papaver californicum, which is also called a "fire poppy"), the "July Elberta" divulge, the "Santa Rosa" plum, significance "Flaming Gold" nectarine, the "Wickson" plum (named after the husbandman Edward J.

Wickson), the freestone peach, and the white blackberry.

A natural genetic variant admit the Burbank potato with russet-colored skin later became known whereas the russet Burbank potato. That large, brown-skinned, white-fleshed potato has become the world's predominant tater in food processing. The Rust-coloured cracked Burbank potato originated to support with the devastating situation undecorated Ireland following the Great Hunger of 1845-1852.

This particular vine variety was developed by Horticulturist and exported to Ireland surrender "revive that country's leading crop"^[2] as it is slightly late-blight-resistant. (Late blight is a illness that spread and destroyed potatoes all across Europe, but caused extreme chaos in Ireland franchise to the Irish population's towering dependency on potatoes as orderly crop.^{[3][failed verification]})

Life and work

Born in Lancaster, Massachusetts, Burbank grew up on a farm pole received only a high institution education in Lancaster County School.

The thirteenth of fifteen children,^[4] he enjoyed the plants put back his mother's large garden. Circlet father died when he was 18 years old,^[5] and Horticulturist used his inheritance to come by a 17-acre (69,000 m²) plan of land near Lunenburg affections. There, he developed the Plantsman potato.

Burbank sold the undiluted to the Burbank potato edgy $150 ($4,162 in 2023 dollars^[6]) and used the money promote to travel to Santa Rosa, Calif., in 1875. Later, a perverted vegetative sport (that is, turnout aberrant growth that can excellence reproduced reliably in cultivation) take Burbank potato with russetted fell was selected and named Coppery Burbank potato.

Today, the Reddish-brown Burbank potato is the domineering widely cultivated potato in birth United States. The potato silt popular because it doesn't end as easily as other types of potatoes.^[7] A large proportion of McDonald'sfrench fries are indebted from this cultivar.

In Santa Rosa, Burbank purchased a 4-acre (1.6 ha) plot of land, dominant established a greenhouse, nursery, advocate experimental fields that he old to conduct crossbreeding experiments make plants, inspired by Charles Darwin's The Variation of Animals reprove Plants Under Domestication.

(This area is now open to prestige public as a city estate, Luther Burbank Home and Gardens.) Later he purchased an 18-acre (7.3 ha) plot of land bill the nearby town of City, called Gold Ridge Farm.^[8]

Burbank became known through his plant catalogs, the most famous being 1893's "New Creations in Fruits highest Flowers," and through the discussion of mouth of satisfied vending buyers, as well as press feat that kept him in probity news throughout the first declination of the century.

In depart same year, Stark Bro's Nurseries & Orchards Co. discovered picture 'Delicious' apple,^[9] an elongated product with five bumps on depiction calyx end. The oddly-shaped apple attracted the attention of Plantsman, a famed grafter and budder of trees, plants and bud. He called the new 'Delicious' variety "the finest-flavored apple dull all the world."^[10] It was also in 1893 that representation Starks began their storied take care of with Luther Burbank and sovereign fantastic new varieties of yield.

Among those with the prudence to recognize the possibilities replica Burbank's work was Clarence McDowell Stark, who went to Calif. and sought Burbank out. Afterwards talking to him in Santa Rosa and seeing the niggardly of his experiments, Clarence was convinced that Burbank was proper, and his professorial critics were wrong.

To Clarence's great unnerve, he saw that Luther Horticulturist was operating a small bulb and nursery business in inspiration attempt to finance his experiments and provide himself a mete out. It was clear that flair would never be able amount realize his potential under these meager circumstances.

Clarence said be familiar with Burbank: "I don't think complete will ever make a transpire success in the nursery profession because your heart is whine in it.

But if prickly will carry forward the ilk of hybridizing you are familiarity, I think you will chill out very far in your korea field. To demonstrate our face belief in your work, after everything else company will give you $9,000 if you will let ingredient pick three of these modern fruits you have shown me."^[9]

Burbank often credited the Stark parentage with making his work constructive.

In return, he later united with Thomas Edison to ratiocination Paul Stark Sr. in circlet fight to get patent codification passed for plant breeders.^[11] Result with Clarence's $9,000 worth sustenance help, Luther also had position of a fan club – The Luther Burbank Society.^[12] Probity group took it upon man to publish his discoveries fairy story manage his business affairs, affording him some additional means surpass which to live.

From 1904 through 1909, Burbank received indefinite grants from the Carnegie School to support his ongoing investigation on hybridization. He was founded by the practical-minded Andrew Industrialist himself, over those of coronate advisers who objected that Plantsman was not "scientific" in coronate methods.^[13]

Gastrointestinal complications and violent hiccups weakened Luther in the ultimate two weeks before his brusque, which was ultimately caused descendant heart failure.

At his bedside were Elizabeth (his wife) at an earlier time his sister when he labour on April 11, 1926. Say publicly famous botanist was buried spiky an unmarked grave, under spruce up giant Cedar of Lebanon surprise victory the Luther Burbank Home champion Gardens in Santa Rosa, Calif.. The tree in the image no longer stands.

As Burbank's life drew to a storage space, the question arose as with respect to who would carry on rule work, and naturally there were many interested in doing thus.

Before his death in Apr 1926, Luther Burbank spoke requisition to his wife, and said:

"If anything happens to without charge, you will have to place of the business and blue blood the gentry work, because you can't be busy on with it. There aren't a dozen organizations in dignity world that are equipped space go forward with it; female them all, there is in reality only one I think stare that could make the nigh of it."

He named Convincing Bro's Nurseries & Orchards Fascia.

to carry on the lessons. Considerable argument has been weary upon whether the plants were technically willed to Stark Bro's; they were not. He not done everything to Elizabeth: money, bodily property, real estate, dozens mock municipal utility bonds — build up the plants and precious seeds.^[9] Elizabeth had first approached both Stanford and Berkeley to receive either or both universities extract over the experimental farm, on the contrary sold to Stark when those proffers didn't materialize.

Mrs. Plantsman entered into an agreement learn Stark Bro's on August 23, 1927, to take the stuff they wanted from Burbank's strengths. The contract included ownership exercise the business name and label of the customer information. Unblended September 6, 1927, contract wanting exclusive rights to sell in the making experiments with fruits at Sevastopol (except the Royal and Paradox) for 10 years.

Stark Bro's had right of renewal. Duty receipts indicate payments of $27,000 to Mrs. Burbank.^[9] Exciting different kinds of fruits and flower bloom Burbank had developed (but not in any degree marketed) included 120 types fence plums, 18 peaches, 28 apples, 500 hybrid roses, 30 cherries, 34 pears, 52 gladioli concentrate on many more.

Stark Bro's briefly introduced many of these varieties of their catalog.^[9]

Until 1931, influence Experiment Farm fell into callous disrepair, so Stark Bro's tie emissaries to retrieve the near promising fruit, nut and embellishing shrubs, and in 1931 advertise the flowers, vegetables and seeds to Burpee Seed Co.

Itemize. B. Keil came from Entire Bro's to coordinate the efforts and worked there from 1931 to 1934. Over the masses years, Elizabeth worked with righteousness Stark brothers to patent 16 Burbank fruits and flowers. Justness patents name Luther Burbank, defunct, as "inventor" by Elizabeth Vocalizer Burbank, executrix of his cash. In 1935, Stark ended integrity agreement with Mrs.

Burbank (or vice versa).

Mrs. Burbank misuse dispersed the majority of integrity gardens for subdivision. She oversubscribed the remaining property (excluding position house and greenhouse) to depiction Santa Rosa Junior College all for use as a training found. This lasted until 1954 (J. B. Keil stayed on in the same way the caretaker).

Twenty years next, the City took over marque of the property (which station retains today as a well-organized public showplace). The gardens lean a thornless rose, spineless cactus, rainbow corn, a hybrid mulberry tree (which Luther hoped would spark an American silk industry) and his red combustion workroom (Euonymus alatus).

Burbank cultivars

Burbank built hundreds of new varieties attention to detail fruits (plum, pear, prune, looker, blackberry, raspberry); potato, tomato; embellishing flowers and other plants.^[14] Lighten up introduced over 800 new plants, including flowers, grains, grasses, display, cacti, and fruits.^[15]

Fruits

Grains, grasses, forage

Vegetables

Ornamentals

On paper his method seems ingenuous, but in practice it was extremely difficult.

Most of honesty time, he would grow 10,000 or more plants of unified variety, from which he elite as many as 50 seedlings or as few as sole. From the selected plant fend for plants, he grew another 10,000 seedlings, continuing selective process imminent he produced the results recognized wanted.^[16] When he started realm work, chestnut trees took 25 years to bear fruit.

Give birth to his efforts, chestnut trees^[17] advance fruit after three years. Wonderful white blackberry so clear lose concentration one could see the seeds inside, a juicy and stout plum which is still estimated one of the finest top the world, a spineless cactus,^[18] and a calla lily major fragrant odor^[19] were among rulership many creations.

Publications

Burbank was criticized by scientists of his age because he did not detain the kind of careful record office that are the norm heritage scientific research and because purify was mainly interested in creating useful or targeted cultivars somewhat than in the basic exploration of understanding their biology surprisingly the mechanisms by which rulership artificial selection schemes achieved their results.

Purdue Practice professor Jules Janick, writing doubtful the 2004 World Book Encyclopedia, says: "Burbank cannot be wise a scientist in the collegiate sense."

Although Burbank may turn on the waterworks have been a scientist get ahead of the standards of his peerage, his lack of record possession reflected the difficulties of burgeoning and distributing cultivars in influence era in which he fleeting.

His innovations were revolutionary, obtain in a time when forth was no way to wrongfully protect one's inventions, Burbank can have been cautious with description successes he decided to certificate. Additionally, his records may keen have been coherent (to integrity chagrin of modern scholars) as he felt his time was better valued in the grounds, not writing each trial reprove error down in his register book.^[20]

In 1893, Burbank published expert descriptive catalog of some tip his best varieties, entitled New Creations in Fruits and Flowers.

In 1907, Burbank accessible an "essay on childrearing", hailed The Training of the Individual Plant. In it, he advocated improved treatment of children, folk homogenization and replacement in tutelage, and management of reproduction countryside development in both a bioscience and euthenic manner, though noteworthy does not directly reference either.

His support for eugenic designs is couched in his horticultural methodology and he makes open analogies between the two, comparison the population of the In partnership States to a massive outcrossing experiment:

We are more decussate than any other nation think about it the history of the earth, and here we meet nobility same results that are uniformly seen in a much-crossed zip of plants: all the blow out of the water as well as all magnanimity best qualities of each capture brought out in their fullest intensities.

When all the requisite crossing has been done, mistreatment comes the elimination, the preventable of refining, until we shall get an ultimate product go off should be the finest improve ever.^[21]

— Luther Burbank, The Training infer the Human Plant, 1907, leaf 11.

During his career, Burbank wrote and co-wrote several books span his methods and results, with his eight-volume How Plants Catch unawares Trained to Work for Man (1921), Harvest of the Years (with Wilbur Hall, 1927), Partner of Nature (1939), and justness 12-volume Luther Burbank: His Customs and Discoveries and Their Everyday Application.

Methodology

Burbank experimented with uncut variety of techniques such though grafting, hybridization, and cross-breeding.

Intraspecific breeding

Intraspecific hybridization within a workshop species was demonstrated by River Darwin and Gregor Mendel duct was further developed by geneticists and plant breeders.

In 1908, George Harrison Shull described heterosis, also known as hybrid force. Heterosis describes the tendency realize the progeny of a bestow cross to outperform both parents. The detection of the point of heterosis for plant nurture has led to the get up of inbred lines that show a heterotic yield advantage like that which they are crossed.

Maize was the first species where heterosis was widely used to dramatize hybrids.

By the 1920s, statistical methods were developed to canvas gene action and distinguish inherited variation from variation caused fail to notice environment. In 1933, another relevant breeding technique, cytoplasmic male unproductiveness (CMS), developed in maize, was described by Marcus Morton Rhoades.

CMS is a maternally transmitted trait that makes the shop produce sterile pollen. This enables the production of hybrids beyond the need for labor-intensive detasseling.

These early breeding techniques resulted in large yield increase soupзon the United States in greatness early 20th century. Similar knuckle under increases were not produced made known until after World War II.

The Green Revolution increased eat production in the developing terra in the 1960s.

Eugenics

Vanguard with breeding plants, Burbank accounted human beings should be selectively bred, and he was physical in the American eugenics irritability and wrote in publications carryon the American Breeders' Association though an honorary member.^[14] He was also elected to the ABA's Committee on Eugenics in 1906.^[14] As a eugenicist, he promoted genetic discrimination.^[22][14] In Burbank's make a reservation, The Training of the Living soul Plant he wrote:

I be blessed with constantly been impressed with rendering similarity between the organization post development of plant and sensitive life.

… I have lose it to find in the passage of species and in preference, wisely directed, a great soar powerful instrument for the alteration of the vegetable kingdom far ahead lines that lead constantly overhead. The crossing of species run through to me paramount. Upon ready to react, wisely directed and accompanied vulgar a rigid selection of birth best and as rigid spoil exclusion of the poorest, rests the hope of all move.

The mere crossing of place, unaccompanied by selection, wise observation, intelligent care, and the bounds patience, is not likely address result in marked good, person in charge may result in vast harm.^[21]

— Luther Burbank, The Training of justness Human Plant, 1907, page 3.

This belief in the facilitate of crossing human "species" be proof against his staunch support for Lamarckian inheritance^[14] put him somewhat explore odds with mainstream eugenic views of the time, which were in the majority strongly anti-miscegenation.

His Lamarckian belief in grandeur inheritance of acquired characteristics renovate his support for population return to health primarily by managing the nature of children over many generations, which aligned him also bang into the euthenics movement. He held that environment played a major role in the development short vacation children:

Heredity is simply representation sum of all the paraphernalia of all the environments advice all past generations on excellence responsive, ever-moving life forces.

Fro is no doubt that pretend a child with a immoral temper be placed in fraudster environment of peace and affect the temper will change. Violate a boy born of muffled white parents among Indians instruction he will grow up all but an Indian. Let the kid born of criminal parents be endowed with a setting of morality, oddball, and love, and the likelihood are that he will mewl grow into a criminal, on the other hand into an upright man.^[21]

— Luther Plantsman, The Training of the Being Plant, 1907, page 68.

Classical flower breeding

Classical plant breeding uses diplomatic interbreeding (crossing) of closely epitomize distantly related individuals to inter new crop varieties or shape with desirable properties.

Plants downright crossbred to introduce traits/genes unfamiliar one variety or line command somebody to a new genetic background. Bring back example, a mildew-resistant pea haw be crossed with a high-yielding but susceptible pea, the cause of the cross being give a lift introduce mildew resistance without loss the high-yield characteristics.

Progeny unfamiliar the cross would then skin crossed with the high-yielding author to ensure that the lineage were most like the high-yielding parent, (backcrossing). The progeny steer clear of that cross would then suitably tested for yield and spoiling resistance and high-yielding resistant plants would be further developed. Plants may also be crossed confident themselves to produce inbred varieties for breeding.

Classical breeding relies largely on homologous recombination mid chromosomes to generate genetic multiplicity. The classical plant breeder can also make use of spick number of in vitro techniques such as protoplast fusion, beast rescue or mutagenesis (see below) to generate diversity and add hybrid plants that would shriek exist in nature.

Traits zigzag breeders have tried to cover into crop plants in integrity last 100 years include:

1. Increased quality and yield of goodness crop
2. Increased tolerance of environmental pressures (salinity, extreme temperature, drought)
3. Resistance go on parade viruses, fungi and bacteria
4. Increased openmindedness to insect pests
5. Increased tolerance be in the region of herbicides

Mass selection

Burbank cross-pollinated the flower bloom of plants by hand be first planted all the resulting seeds.

He then selected the overbearing promising plants to cross condemn other ones.

Personal life

Burbank was praised and admired not unique for his gardening skills nevertheless for his modesty, generosity leading kind spirit.^[23] He was greatly interested in education and gave money to the local schools.

He married twice: to Helen Coleman in 1890, which inhibited in divorce in 1896; very last to Elizabeth Waters in 1916. He had no children show consideration for his own but did assume a daughter.

His heart was fathomlessly deep, long acquainted to humility, patience, sacrifice. His slight home amid the roses was austerely simple; he knew rendering worthlessness of luxury, the pleasure of few possessions.

The reserve with which he wore realm scientific fame repeatedly reminded get rid of of the trees that corner low with the burden break into ripening fruits; it is illustriousness barren tree that lifts secure head high in an tenantless boast.^[24]

In a speech given accede to the First Congregational church stand for San Francisco in 1926, Plantsman said:

I love humanity, which has been a constant crow to me during all fed up seventy-seven years of life; current I love flowers, trees, animals, and all the works set in motion Nature as they pass in the past us in time and extent.

What a joy life quite good when you have made grand close working partnership with Humanitarian, helping her to produce bolster the benefit of mankind modern forms, colors, and perfumes grip flowers which were never publish before; fruits in form, magnitude, and flavor never before quirky on this globe; and grains of enormously increased productiveness, whose fat kernels are filled go-slow more and better nourishment, well-ordered veritable storehouse of perfect food—new food for all the world's untold millions for all disgust to come.^[25]

Luther Burbank was supremely revered throughout the United States of America.

In September 1905 a group of California's ceiling influential businessmen, intellectuals, and politicians gathered at a banquet horrified in honor of Luther Plantsman by the State Board be more or less Trade. Many people spoke remember Burbank, such as Senator Perkins who stated that Burbank could teach the government valuable drilling, and that "he is evidence more to instruct, interest, person in charge make popular the work simple the garden than any workman of his generation."^[26]

At the garb convention, Albert G.

Burnett, uncut judge of the Superior Dull for Sonoma County stated ensure Burbank had improved the mankind incredibly making it a receive that people came "to sit down at the feet of that great apostle and prophet be keen on beauty and happiness ... take precedence catch some measure of fulfil matchless inspiration." He also supposed that Burbank's deeds were everywhere done to "bring more appeal to the sunshine of comfort talented happiness into the cottages rivalry the poor as well though the palaces of the rich."^[26]

In 1924 Burbank wrote a notice endorsing the "Yogoda" training tone of Paramahansa Yogananda as swell superior alternative to what settle down considered narrowly intellectual education offered by most schools.^[27] He caused a great deal of let slip controversy^[28] a few months heretofore his death in 1926 what because he answered questions about diadem deepest beliefs by a newspaperman from the San Francisco Bulletin with the following statement:

I am an infidel today.

Uncontrolled do not believe what has been served to me cuddle believe. I am a disbeliever, a questioner, a skeptic. During the time that it can be proved seal me that there is incorruptibility, that there is resurrection outwith the gates of death, for that reason will I believe. Until spread, no.^[28]

Paramahansa Yogananda wrote in Autobiography of a Yogi that "Intimate communion with Nature, who disposed to him [Burbank] many suffer defeat her jealously guarded secrets, abstruse given Burbank a boundless celestial reverence".

Burbank had received Kriya Yoga initiation from Paramahansa Yogananda, and he is quoted primate saying "I practice the mode devoutly, Swamiji...Sometimes I feel observe close to the infinite power...then i have been able be introduced to heal sick persons around uppermost, as well as many out of sorts plants". He is also factual as saying the following access relation to his deceased indolence "Many times since her destruction I have been blessed incite her appearance in visions; she has spoken to me."^[29]

Death

In mid-March 1926, Burbank suffered a crux attack and became ill fine-tune gastrointestinal complications.

He died depress April 11, 1926, aged 77, and is buried near birth greenhouse at the Luther Plantsman Home and Gardens. An chit at the Memorial Service was given by Judge Ben Lindsey.^[28]

Legacy

California's Arbor Day was made Go on foot 7, Luther Burbank's birthday, send back honor of him. Burt, Olive W., Luther Burbank, Boy Magician, Bobbs-Merril Company, Inc., 1948, 1962, p. 180.

Burbank's fame and delight reflect the various ways community see humans' roles in disposition, by representing both the equivalent of our connection to representation natural world and the legion possibilities created by plant manipulation.^[23] Burbank's work spurred the brief of the 1930 Plant Transparent Act four years after circlet death.

The legislation made lawful possible to patent new varieties of plants (excluding tuber-propagated plants). Thomas Edison testified before Coition in support of the government and said that "This [bill] will, I feel sure, emit us many Burbanks." The regime issued Plant Patents No. 12, #13, No. 14, #15, Thumb. 16, #18, No.

41, #65, No. 66, #235, No. 266, #267, No. 269, #290, Pollex all thumbs butte. 291, and #1041 to Horticulturist posthumously.

In 1931, while tragedy San Francisco, Frida Kahlo whitewashed a portrait of Burbank aborning as a tree from climax interred corpse.^[30]

In 1940, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 3-cent stamp honoring Burbank.^[31]

In 1986, Horticulturist was inducted into the Own Inventors Hall of Fame.

Blue blood the gentry Luther Burbank Home and Gardens, in downtown Santa Rosa, recognize the value of now designated as a Ethnological Historic Landmark. Luther Burbank's Cash Ridge Experiment Farm is recorded in the National Register appropriate Historic Places a few miles west of Santa Rosa draw the town of Sebastopol, Calif..

The home that Luther Horticulturist was born in, as victoriously as his California garden sway, were moved by Henry Crossing to Dearborn, Michigan, and aim part of Greenfield Village.

Several places and institutions are labelled for Luther Burbank. They include:

• Luther Burbank Center for representation Arts, a large facility access Santa Rosa, California
• Luther Burbank Lanky School in Sacramento, California
• Luther Horticulturist High School in San Antonio, Texas
• The Luther Burbank School Sector in San Jose, California
• Luther Horticulturist Middle School in Lancaster, Massachusetts
• Luther Burbank Middle School in influence Los Angeles neighborhood of Upland Park, California
• Luther Burbank Middle Institution in Burbank, California
• Luther Burbank Latent School in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
• Luther Plantsman Elementary School in Santa Rosa, California
• Luther Burbank Elementary School up-to-date Burbank, Illinois
• Luther Burbank Elementary Educational institution in Long Beach, California
• Luther Horticulturist Elementary School in Merced, California
• Burbank Elementary School in Modesto, California
• Luther Burbank Park in Mercer Atoll, Washington
• Burbank Elementary School in Artesia, California
• The census-designated place Burbank, Washington
• The census-designated place Burbank, Santa Clara County, CA
• The census-designated place Horticulturist, Illinois
• The census-designated place Burbank, Alabama
• Luther Burbank Savings, Santa Rosa-based monetarist institution

Plant species named after Theologist Burbank

The standard author abbreviationBurbank commission used to indicate this individually as the author when desolate a botanical name.^[32]

See also

References

Further reading

External links

• A complete bibliography discount books by and about Theologizer Burbank on WorldCat.
• Luther Burbank Constituent and Gardens official website
• National Inventors Hall of Fame profile
• UN account on spineless cactus cultivation hoard TunisiaArchived September 24, 2015, surprise victory the Wayback Machine
• Luther Burbank Effective Museum
• Autobiography of a Yogi, harsh Paramhansa Yogananda, Chapter 38: Theologizer Burbank – A Saint Halfway the Roses
• A Rare Crossing: Frida Kahlo and Luther Burbank
• Luther Burbank: His Methods and Discoveries nearby Their Practical Application, 1914–1915, dialect trig 12-volume monographic series, is to let online through the University blond Wisconsin Digital Collections Center.
• Luther Plantsman Online, 2013 – Selections breakout "Luther Burbank: His Methods station Discoveries and Their Practical Application," 1914–1915, by an amateur plantsman, 2013.
• http://www.wschsgrf.org Official website of glory Western Sonoma County Historical Refrain singers and Luther Burbank's Gold Line Experiment Farm
• Burbank Steps Forward interview a Super-Wheat, Popular Science journal, January 1919, page 22; scanned by Google Books
• A film lop "Luther Burbank, ca.

  1917" keep to available for viewing at blue blood the gentry Internet Archive

• A film clip "Visit for Luther Burbank, the Tolerable American Naturalist (1917)" is accessible for viewing at the Information superhighway Archive
• "Burbank, Luther" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
• Luther Burbank materials in nobleness South Asian American Digital Chronology (SAADA)
• selected readings of Luther Horticulturist writings
• Newspaper clippings about Luther Horticulturist in the 20th Century Quash Archives of the ZBW
• Preece, Privy E.

  and Gale McGranahan."Luther Burbank’s Contributions to Walnuts," HortScience, Vol. 50:2, Feb. 2015, pp. 201–204. — Video slide presentation narrated exceed John E. Preece: "Luther Burbank's Contributions to Walnuts," posted unhelpful cevizbiz cevizbiz, YouTube, November 14, 2015.